要領一：

綜合寫作的閱讀文章通常是4段。總分結構----首段+三段主體段。

分析TPO6綜合寫作閱讀文章

Communal online encyclopedias represent one of the latest resources to be found on the Internet. They are in many respects like traditional printed encyciopedias, however, is that any internet user can contribute a new article or make an editorial change in an existing one. As a result, the encyclopedia is authored by the whole community of Internet users. The idea might sound attractive, but the communal online encyclopedias have several important problems that make them much less valuable than traditional, printed encyclopedias

First, contributors to a communal online encyclopedia often lack academic credentials, thereby making their contributioins partially informed at best and downright inaccurate in many cases. Traditional encyclopedias are written by trained experts who adhere to standards of academic

rigor that nonspecialists cannot really achieve.

Second, even if the original entry in the online encyclopedia is correct, the communal nature of these online encyclopedias gives unscrupulous users and vandals or hackers the opportunity to fabricate, delete, and corrupt information in the encyclopedia. Once changes have been made to the original text, an unsuspecting user cannot tell the entry has been tampered with. None of this is possible with a traditional encyclopedia.

Third, the communal encyclopedias focus too frequently, and in too great a depth, on trivial and popular topics, which created a false impression of what is important and what is not. A child doing research for a school project may discover that a major historical event receives as much attention in an online encyclopedia as, say, a single long-running television program. The traditional encyclopedia provides a considered view of what topics to include or exclude and contains a sense of proportion that online "democratic" communal encyclopedias do not.

1.首段的閱讀

比如TPO6綜合寫作閱讀文章第一段的時候，有一句話對encyclopedia做了解釋，：They are in many aspects like traditional printed encyclopedias, collections of articles on various subjects.

Edmonotosaurus？

但當學生生讀完Paleontologists have proposed that one of the most common North Slope dinosaurs, the elephant-sized edmontosaur  (Edmontosaurus), survived the  winter  by migrating  south  to  more  hospitable regions.

這句話之后 ，馬上就能知道它是一種和大象形狀類似的恐龍 。

抓住文章的觀點，文章的第一段的觀點都會在第一段中出現，往往第一段的最后一句話。

TPO6綜合寫作閱讀文章第一段的最后一句話：

but the communal online encyclopedias have several important problems that make them much less valuable than traditional, printed encyclopedias

2，主體段的閱讀

1、主體段的把握需要把握各段首句

TPO6

分論點一 contributors to a communal online encyclopedia often lack academic credentials

分論點二 fabricate, delete, and corrupt information in the encyclopedia

分論點三 the communal encyclopedias focus on trivial and popular topics

聽力不僅是對閱讀文章觀點和分論點的反駁，更是對閱讀文章中論據和細節的反駁。需要學生重視在主體段的閱讀中對論據和細節。

1）論據。一般而言，每段主體段都會有兩個論據來支撐起分論點。

分論點一 lack academic credentials。

making their contributions partially informed at best and downright inaccurate in many cases

Traditional encyclopedias are written by trained experts who adhere to standards of academic

rigor that nonspecialists cannot really achieve.

分論點二fabricate, delete, and corrupt information in the encyclopedia

unscrupulous users and vandals or hackers

an unsuspecting user cannot tell the entry has been tampered with

分論點三 focus on trivial and popular topics

created a false impression of what is important and what is not

T

2）細節。閱讀文章中的細節包括：舉例、數字、原因、比較、反復出現的單詞（生詞，專有名詞）等。

練習

A recent study reveals that people especially young people are reading far less literature - novels, plays, and poems - than they used to. This is troubling because the trend has unfortunate effects for the reading public, for culture in general, and for the future of literature itself.

While there has been a decline in book reading generally, the decline has been especially sharp for literature. This is unfortunate because nothing else provides the intellectual stimulation that literature does. Literature encourages us to exercise our imaginations, empathize with others, and expand our understanding of language. So, by reading less literature, the reading public is missing out on important benefits.

Unfortunately, missing out on the benefits of literature is not the only problem. What are people reading instead? Consider the prevalence of self-help books on lists of best seller. These are usually superficial poorly written, and intellectually undemanding. Additionally, instead of sitting down with a challenging novel, many persons are now more likely to turn on the television, watch a music video, or read a Web page. Clearly, diverting time previously spent in reading literature to trivial forms of entertainment has lowered the level of culture in general.

The trend of reading less literature is all the more regrettable because it is taking place during a period when good literature is being written. There are many talented writers today, but they lack an audience. This fact is bound to lead publishers to invest less in literature and so support fewer serious writers. Thus, the writing as well as the reading of literature is likely to decline because of the poor standards of today's readers。

觀點

分論點

論據

細節

2.記閱讀筆記

（1）建議用一張草稿紙來為托福寫作部分記筆記。

將草稿紙對折，閱讀文章的時候把閱讀筆記寫在草稿紙的左側：在聽講座錄音的時候，把聽講座錄音的時候，把聽力筆記對應地寫在草稿紙的右側。

（2）將閱讀文章的觀點簡短明了地寫在左側第一行

（3）概括閱讀文章三個分論點的核心詞且每個分論點之間留出足夠的距離。

（4）時間充裕的條件下，把重要論據的核心詞、細節補充至筆記中。

"習慣原則" 一一有些考生習慣用符號 ，如用× 來表示 " 不好" ，有些考生習慣用 文字 ，如將× 換成 " 有問題 " 或 " has many problems ＇' 。

時間充裕的話，補充 " traditional ：好" ，明確閱 讀文章的比較對象 。

1. online lack  學術性閱讀筆記使用英文還是中文 ？

一 online: inaccurate

"方便原則" 是記閱讀筆記的又一原則 。如在這 里，對大多數考生來說 ，寫 "學術性"肯定比寫 credentials方便。

一 traditional : experts

時間充裕話 ，可以補充academic rigor等細節。

2.delete information

不需要將fabricate, delete, corrupt三個動詞都寫 上，閱讀筆記同時要遵循 " 簡潔原則" ，因為閱 讀文章的時間非常有限 。

--hackers

不需要講unscrupulous  users, vandals , hackers

-- traditional : info 難改

記閱讀筆記的第四個原則 ，即 H 還原原則 里的imformation縮寫為 info既節約了時間，又易被還原為 information，并不影響理解 。但如若將 information改成in，當再次使用閱讀筆記時 ，就 可能因為很難將in還原為 information而產生理解 上的障礙。因此，在記閱讀筆記的過程中 ，應該 使用 " 易被還原" 的縮寫

2.trivial and popular topics

-- importance: false impression

-- traditional : a considered view;

he traditional encyclopedia provides a considered view of what topics to include or exclude